A PCA-Based Approach for Very Early-Age Hydration Monitoring of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Embedded PZT Sensors
This paper investigates very early‑age hydration monitoring of self‑compacting concrete (SCC) containing fly ash replacement ratios (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%) using embedded piezoelectric (PZT) sensors and electromechanical impedance (EMI) signatures. The authors apply principal component analysis (PCA) to the EMI conductance signatures to extract indices that reflect the liquid to solid transition during hydration […]