A PCA-Based Approach for Very Early-Age Hydration Monitoring of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Embedded PZT Sensors
This paper investigates very early‑age hydration monitoring of self‑compacting concrete (SCC) containing fly ash replacement ratios (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%) using embedded piezoelectric (PZT) sensors and electromechanical impedance (EMI) signatures. The authors apply principal component analysis (PCA) to the EMI conductance signatures to extract indices that reflect the liquid to solid transition during hydration […]
Early-age concrete strength monitoring using smart aggregate based on electromechanical impedance and machine learning
This paper presents a novel method for monitoring the strength development of early‑age concrete using embedded smart aggregates (SAs) that leverage electromechanical impedance (EMI) sensing combined with machine learning. The smart aggregates are embedded in the concrete mix during casting and continuously monitor conductance signatures, specifically the conductance resonant frequency (CRF) and conductance resonant peak […]